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American College of Perioperative Medicine

Perioperative Episode
Accountability

A curated collection of foundational literature, policy documents, and implementation resources related to TEAM and episode-based perioperative care.

This page aggregates publicly available and published resources.
ACPM does not author or endorse individual documents.

How to Use This Resource Hub

This resource hub is intended for clinicians, health system leaders, and administrators seeking to understand episode-based accountability in perioperative care. Materials are organized by theme and source to support independent review.

 

Policy & Regulatory Foundations

Federal and payer-led models shaping episode accountability in perioperative care.
• TEAM (Transforming Episode Accountability Model) - CMS Innovation Center (overview) - CMS (2025)
Model overview, included episodes, and design. 		• Transforming Episode Accountability Model (TEAM) - AHA topic hub — AHA (2024-2025)
Updates, advisories, and policy materials.
• TEAM Frequently Asked Questions — CMS (2025)
FAQs by topic (eligibility, episodes/payment, collaborators, quality strategy). 		• TEAM - American College of Surgeons (ACS) advocacy hub — ACS (2024-2025)
Surgeon-facing summary and advocacy materials.
• TEAM Model Fact Sheet (PDF) — CMS (2025)
Official fact sheet (goals, procedures, timing). 		• Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) Initiative - CMS — CMS (2013-)
Background on BPCI Models 2-4 and phases.
• TEAM Overview (Updated) (PDF) — CMS (2025)
Expanded technical overview (tracks, data sharing, episode details). 		• CJR Sixth Annual Evaluation - Executive Summary (PDF) — CMS (2024)
Evaluation summary for later performance years.
• Participation Tracks in TEAM - Fact Sheet (PDF) — CMS (2025)
Track structure + initial actions for performance year 1. 		 
 

Peer-Reviewed Literature
• Revitalizing Musculoskeletal Healthcare: A Strategic Approach to Value-Based Care
A recent review on new VBC in orthopedics 		• Preparing for Medicare TEAM (Transforming Episode Accountability Model): Key Strategies for Success:
A review article on TEAM
• Mandatory Medicare Bundled Payment Program for Lower Extremity Joint Replacement and Discharge to Postacute Care - JAMA — JAMA (2018)
CJR early effects on discharge to institutional post-acute care and spending. 		• Two-Year Evaluation of Mandatory Bundled Payments for Joint Replacement - NEJM — NEJM (2019)
Two-year evaluation of CJR effects.
• Association of Medicare Bundled Payment With Joint Replacement Outcomes in Hospitals With Disadvantaged Patients - JAMA Network Open — JAMA Netw Open (2019)
Equity-focused outcomes under CJR. 		• The Impact of Bundled Payment on Health Care Spending, Utilization, and Quality: A Systematic Review - Health Affairs — Health Affairs (2020)
Systematic review of CMS bundled payment programs.
• Impact of Medicare’s Bundled Payments Initiative on Patient Selection, Payments, and Outcomes for PCI and CABG - Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes — AHA journal (2020)
Cardiovascular episode evaluation under bundled payment initiative. 		• Bundled Payment Models in Spine Surgery - Global Spine Journal (PMC full text) — Global Spine J (2021)
Review of bundled payment approaches in spine surgery.
• Implementation of a Private Payer Bundled Payment Model in Lumbar Spinal Fusion - PubMed — Spine (record) (2024)
Commercial bundled payment implementation (lumbar fusion). 		 
 

Implementation & Governance Frameworks
• Bundled Payment: Effects on Health Care Spending and Quality of Care - AHRQ Evidence Report (PDF) — AHRQ (2016)
Evidence report on effects of bundled payments on spending and quality. 		• Bundled Payment: Effects on Health Care Spending and Quality of Care - Executive Summary (PDF) — AHRQ (2016)
Executive summary of the above evidence report.
• Transitions of Care Standards - Assessment and Implementation Toolkit (PDF) — ACMA/TOC (2024)
Care transitions standards + organizational assessment toolkit. 		• Project RED (Re-Engineered Discharge) Toolkit — Project RED / AHRQ-funded (n/a)
Discharge redesign toolkit focused on reducing readmissions.
 

Measurement & Metrics
• Lumbar Spine Fusion for Degenerative Disease, 1-3 Levels - Episode-Based Cost Measure Spec (PDF) — QPP (CMS) (2025)
Episode-based cost measure information form (MIF). 		• Knee Arthroplasty - Episode-Based Cost Measure Spec (PDF) — QPP (CMS) (2019)
Episode-based cost measure MIF for knee arthroplasty.
• Non-Emergent CABG - Episode-Based Cost Measure Spec (PDF) — QPP (CMS) (2022)
Episode-based cost measure MIF for CABG. 		• 2025 Summary of Cost Measures (PDF) — QPP (CMS) (2025)
Summary of cost measures used/under development in MIPS.
• Episode-Based Cost Measure Development for the QPP (PDF) — CMS (2017)
Methodology for developing episode-based cost measures. 		• Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) - CMS program page — CMS (2025)
HRRP overview and program framing.
• HCAHPS: Patients’ Perspectives of Care Survey - CMS program page — CMS (2025)
Overview of HCAHPS survey administration and purpose. 		 
 

Educational Media & Explain-in-Plain-English
• TEAM model infographic (PDF) — CMS (2025)
High-level summary of the model and included procedures. 		• BPCI Advanced Model Overview Fact Sheet - Model Year 6 (PDF) — CMS (2022)
BPCI Advanced model overview fact sheet.
• Medicare's Bundled Payment Initiatives for Hospital Care - review (PMC full text) — Review article (2020)
Narrative review of Medicare bundled payment initiatives. 		 
 

Disclosure

Resources listed on this page are publicly available and produced by external organizations. Inclusion does not imply endorsement by ACPM. This page is intended for informational purposes only.